The First Serial Killer In History: Who Was It?

Most people think serial killers are a modern phenomenon, but history reveals that the macabre acts of individuals driven to murder repeatedly date back thousands of years.

Modern forensic tools and psychological theories were absent in ancient times making it easier for people to kill repeatedly.

There are chilling accounts of individuals who fit the description of ancient serial killers.

So, who was the first serial killer in history? What do their crimes tell us about the human capacity for violence?

The Definition of a Serial Killer in Ancient Contexts

Before diving into history’s earliest examples, it’s important to define what qualifies someone as a serial killer. Modern definitions describe them as individuals who commit three or more murders over a period of time, with a psychological drive often at the core of their crimes.

In ancient times, many murderers were motivated by power, revenge, or conquest, but a few individuals stand out for their methodical, personal, and chillingly repetitive killings.

The First Serial Killer: Liu Pengli’s Reign of Terror

The first widely recognized serial killer in history may have been Liu Pengli, a Chinese prince during the Han Dynasty (156–87 BCE).

Historical texts describe him as a ruthless and sadistic figure who killed for pleasure.

Liu Pengli was the nephew of Emperor Jing and was granted the title of Prince of Jidong. He developed a horrifying reputation for his nocturnal expeditions where he would go out for a night on the town with his slaves and other criminals. He would murder and rob his subjects for sport.

According to historical records, he killed over 100 people during his reign. What makes his case particularly chilling is the lack of motive beyond sheer cruelty and enjoyment of the act—a hallmark of modern definitions of serial killers.

Despite petitions from those impacted by his crimes, Liu Pengli was spared execution due to his royal status. Instead, he was stripped of his title and exiled, a leniency afforded to him because of his imperial lineage.

Other Notable Ancient Serial Killers

While Liu Pengli is often cited as the first documented serial killer, other ancient serial killers have left their dark marks on history. Let's look at some of these serial killers.

Locusta of Gaul (Rome, 1st Century CE)

Locusta was an infamous Roman poisoner who may have been one of the earliest professional serial killers. Employed by Emperor Nero, she helped assassinate political rivals using her expertise in deadly toxins. Although she acted on orders, her repeated murders and lack of remorse place her in the realm of serial killing.

The Báthory Connection (16th Century)

Countess Elizabeth Báthory, often referred to as the "Blood Countess," is sometimes considered one of the earliest female serial killers. Though later in history than Liu Pengli, her alleged torture and murder of hundreds of young women in her Hungarian castle illustrate the enduring human capacity for calculated violence.

Ancient Serial Killers vs. Modern Ones

One of the most striking differences between ancient and modern serial killers is the context of their crimes. Ancient serial killers often operated within systems of power, which sometimes shielded them from justice. Liu Pengli’s royal status, for instance, allowed him to escape the ultimate punishment.

In contrast, modern serial killers often act alone, motivated by psychological factors such as a need for control, sexual gratification, or deep-seated rage. Despite these differences, the basic psychological patterns—lack of empathy, repeated killings, and a drive to kill—unite killers across centuries.

How Did Ancient Societies React?

In ancient times, the concept of a "serial killer" as we understand it did not exist. Instead, repeated murders were often seen as acts of divine punishment, supernatural curses, or madness. In Liu Pengli’s case, his royal status influenced his punishment, as rulers and elites were often treated with leniency.

However, in other cases, individuals like Locusta faced execution once their deeds became intolerable to those in power. Ancient societies lacked the psychological frameworks to study or understand these individuals, often resorting to moral condemnation rather than analysis.

The Legacy of Ancient Serial Killers

The stories of Liu Pengli and other ancient serial killers remind us that the compulsion to kill is not a modern invention. From poisoners in Rome to ruthless nobles in medieval Europe, history is littered with figures who killed repeatedly, often for no reason beyond personal satisfaction.

Understanding these early cases helps us explore the darker side of human nature and the ways society has evolved in its approach to violent crime. While Liu Pengli may hold the grim title of the first serial killer in history, his story is far from unique.

Conclusion

The history of serial killing stretches back to ancient times, challenging the notion that such crimes are a modern phenomenon. Figures like Liu Pengli and Locusta of Gaul remind us that the capacity for repetitive, calculated murder has existed for centuries. These ancient serial killers not only shaped how societies viewed violence but also offer valuable insights into the roots of human cruelty.

Are you fascinated by the history of serial killers or other obscure true crime stories? Share your thoughts or requests for future blog topics in the comments below!